Zirconium–based MXenes: Synthesis, properties, applications, and prospects

Zirconium (Zr) based MXenes are a new type of two–dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and carbonitrides that have attracted significant research interest in recent years. These materials exhibit a unique combination of physicochemical properties, making them attractive for a wide range of applications. Despite this growing attention, a systematic review of their synthesis methods, material properties, and applications is still lacking. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state of research on Zr–MXenes, covering various aspects from synthesis to applications. The discussion includes an in–depth analysis of the different wet–chemical etching protocols used to obtain Zr–MXenes from Zr–containing MAX phases and the impact of these methods on the morphology of materials. Detailed characterization techniques have revealed important properties of Zr–MXenes, such as hydrophilicity, electrical conductivity, and ion storage capability. Further, this review examines the potential applications of Zr–MXenes in various fields, including energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, corrosion prevention, and biomedical applications. While, Zr–MXenes offer promising prospects, challenges related to large–scale production and property optimization must be addressed to facilitate their widespread adoption. By providing a comprehensive overview of Zr–MXene synthesis, properties, and applications, this review aims to inspire and guide future research and development efforts toward the rational design and utilization of these promising 2D nanomaterials.