Investigating the Mechanisms of Urban Heat Islands through AI, IoT, and Remote Sensing: A Digital Twin-Based Approach

Rapid urbanization and population growth have intensified environmental challenges, including the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, where cities experience higher temperatures than rural areas due to dense infrastructure, reduced vegetation, and concentrated human activities. In Malaysia, urban populations constitute 77% of the total, with cities like Kuala Lumpur facing unprecedented warming, frequent heatwaves, and health risks such as cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. Sunway City (SC), a rapidly developing urban area with over 200,000 residents, serves as a critical case study for addressing UHI impacts